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Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The word derives from the Greek: (pharmakon), meaning "drug" or "medicine". The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a pharmacy, chemist's or drug store. In the United States and Canada, drug stores commonly sell not only medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy (sweets), cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light refreshments or groceries.

Thursday, May 3, 2012

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

  • The TCA cycle accounts for over two-thirds of the ATP generated from fuel oxidation.
  • Acetyl CoA, generated from fuel oxidation, is the substrate for the TCA cycle.
  • Acetyl CoA, when oxidized via the cycle, generates CO2, reduced electron carriers, and guanosine triphosphate.
  • The reduced electron carriers (NADH, FAD[2H]) donate electrons to O2 via the electron transport chain, which leads to ATP generation from oxidative phosphorylation.
  • The cycle requires a number of cofactors to function properly, some of which are derived from vitamins. These include thiamine pyrophosphate (derived from vitamin B1), FAD (derived from vitamin B2) and coenzyme A (derived from pantothenic acid).
  • Intermediates of the TCA cycle are used for many biosynthetic reactions and are replaced by anaplerotic (refilling) reactions within the cell.
  • The cycle is carefully regulated within the mitochondria by energy and the levels of reduced electron carriers.
  • Impaired functioning of the TCA cycle leads to an inability to generate ATP from fuel oxidation and an accumulation of TCA cycle precursors.
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