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Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The word derives from the Greek: (pharmakon), meaning "drug" or "medicine". The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a pharmacy, chemist's or drug store. In the United States and Canada, drug stores commonly sell not only medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy (sweets), cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light refreshments or groceries.

Thursday, May 3, 2012

Gluconeogenesis and Maintenance of Blood Glucose Levels

  • The process of glucose production is termed gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the liver.
  • The major precursors for glucose production are lactate, glycerol, and amino acids.
  • The gluconeogenic pathway utilizes the reversible reactions of glycolysis, plus additional reactions to bypass the irreversible steps.
    • Pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate) bypass the pyruvate kinase step.
    • Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate) bypasses the phosphofructokinase-1 step.
    • Glucose 6-phosphatase (glucose 6-phosphate to glucose) bypasses the glucokinase step.
  • Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are carefully regulated such that blood glucose levels can be maintained at a constant level during fasting. The regulation of triglyceride metabolism is also linked to the regulation of blood glucose levels.
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