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Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The word derives from the Greek: (pharmakon), meaning "drug" or "medicine". The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a pharmacy, chemist's or drug store. In the United States and Canada, drug stores commonly sell not only medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy (sweets), cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light refreshments or groceries.

Thursday, May 3, 2012

Oxidation of Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies


  • Fatty acids are a major fuel for humans.
  • During overnight fasting, fatty acids become the major fuel for cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and liver.
  • The nervous system has a limited ability to directly use fatty acids as fuel. The liver converts fatty acids to ketone bodies, which can be used by the nervous system as a fuel during prolonged periods of fasting.
  • Fatty acids are released from adipose tissue triacylglycerols under appropriate hormonal stimulation.
  • In cells, fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl CoA derivatives by acyl CoA synthetases.
  • Acyl CoAs are transported into the mitochondria for oxidation via carnitine.
  • ATP is generated from fatty acids by the pathway of β-oxidation.
  • In β-oxidation, the fatty acyl group is sequentially oxidized to yield FAD(2H), NADH, and acetyl CoA.
  • Unsaturated and odd-chain-length fatty acids require additional reactions for their metabolism.
  • β-oxidation is regulated by the levels of FAD(2H), NADH and acetyl CoA.
  • The entry of fatty acids into mitochondria is regulated by malonyl-CoA levels.
  • Alternative pathways for very long chain and branched-chain fatty acid oxidation occur within peroxisomes.
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