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Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The word derives from the Greek: (pharmakon), meaning "drug" or "medicine". The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a pharmacy, chemist's or drug store. In the United States and Canada, drug stores commonly sell not only medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy (sweets), cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light refreshments or groceries.

Thursday, May 3, 2012

Generation of ATP from Glucose: Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis is the pathway in which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to form pyruvate.
  • The enzymes of glycolysis are in the cytosol.
  • Glucose is the major sugar in our diet; all cells can utilize glucose for energy.
  • Glycolysis generates two molecules of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and two molecules of NADH.
  • The cytosolic NADH generated via glycolysis transfers its reducing equivalents to mitochondrial NAD+ via shuttle systems across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • The pyruvate generated during glycolysis can enter the mitochondria and be oxidized completely to CO2 by pyruvate dehydrogenase and the TCA cycle.
  • Anaerobic glycolysis will generate energy in cells with a limited supply of oxygen or few mitochondria.
  • Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate by NADH, thereby regenerating the NAD+ required for glycolysis to continue.
  • Glycolysis is regulated to ensure that ATP homeostasis is maintained.
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