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Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The word derives from the Greek: (pharmakon), meaning "drug" or "medicine". The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a pharmacy, chemist's or drug store. In the United States and Canada, drug stores commonly sell not only medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy (sweets), cosmetics, and magazines, as well as light refreshments or groceries.

Thursday, May 3, 2012

Translation: Synthesis of Proteins

  • Translation is the process of translating the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA to an amino acid sequence of a protein.
  • Translation proceeds from the amino to carboxy terminal, reading the mRNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction.
  • Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes.
  • The mRNA is read in codons, sets of three nucleotides that specify individual amino acids.
  • AUG, which specifies methionine, is the start codon for all protein synthesis.
  • Specific stop codons (UAG, UGA, and UAA) signal when the translation of the mRNA is to end.
  • Amino acids are covalently linked to tRNA by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, creating charged tRNA.
  • Charged tRNAs base-pair with the codon via the anticodon region of the tRNA.
  • Protein synthesis is divided into three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
  • Multiprotein factors are required for each stage of protein synthesis.
  • Proteins fold as they are synthesized.
  • Specific amino acid side chains may be modified after translation, in a process known as posttranslational modification.
  • Mechanisms within cells specifically target newly synthesized proteins to different compartments in the cell.
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